Five CVM prevention education studies published between 1993 and 2015 were analyzed in article, “Prevention of Maternal–Fetal Transmission of Cytomegalovirus,” where Dr. Stuart Adler states: “In each report, the efficacy of hygienic precautions has been > 75%...For seronegative pregnant women who are at high risk because of exposure to a young child in the home or in large group childcare, hygienic precautions are simple, inexpensive, and highly effective.” (Adler, 2015: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4588411/)
New York Times summarized a 2004 study: “pregnant mothers shown a video and offered hygiene tips were much less likely to get CMV (5.9 percent) than those not given information on prevention (41.7 percent). (CMV Is a Greater Threat to Infants Than Zika, but Far Less Often Discussed, Saint Louis, OCT. 24, 2016)
The risk of CMV infection in hospital workers is not greater than it is in others in the community and is probably low because of careful hand washing practices” (NY Dept. of Health). “Nurses and nursing students who practice good personal hygiene are no more likely to acquire CMV than their peers in the community.” (“Cytomegalovirus is not an occupational risk for nurses in renal transplant and neontal units. Results of a prospective surveillance study”, National Library of Medicine, 1986)
COVID -19 pandemic has reduced cases of congenital CMV! "The study found that in the five-year period leading up to the pandemic, about one baby in every 200 births was born with CMV. Between August 2020 and December 2021, the number deacreased to one baby in every 1,000 births…Researchers concluded that the combination of strict hygienic precautions, stay-at-home practices and, most importantly, the closure of child care and group day care centers all resulted in reduced transmission of the CMV virus to children and their mothers during the pandemic.” Study: Number of babies born with cytomegalovirus decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic, University of Minnesota, Sept. 6, 2022. Note: Minnesota is the first to state to test ALL newborns for CMV.
“The Role of Prenatal Counseling in Preventing Congenital CMV” analyzes CMV education controversy ( VANESSA COLLERAN, 2020).
Adler, S.P., et al., Prevention of child-to-mother transmission of cytomegalovirus by changing behaviors: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 1996. 15(3): p. 240-6.(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8852913/)
Adler, S. P., Finney, J. W., Manganello, A. M., & Best, A. M. (2004). Prevention of child-to-mother transmission of cytomegalovirus among pregnant women.J Pediatr, 145(4), 485-491.(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15480372/)
Bate, S.L. and M.J. Cannon, A social marketing approach to building a behavioral intervention for congenital cytomegalovirus. Health Promot Pract, 2011. 12(3): p. 349-60.(https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1524839909336329)
Cannon, M.J., et al., Awareness of and behaviors related to child-to-mother transmission of cytomegalovirus. Prev Med, 2012. 54(5): p. 351-7. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4494733/)
Cannon, M.J. and K.F. Davis, Washing our hands of the congenital cytomegalovirus disease epidemic. BMC Public Health, 2005. 5: p. 70. (https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-5-70)
Finney, J.W., K.M. Miller, and S.P. Adler, Changing protective and risky behaviors to prevent child-to-parent transmission of cytomegalovirus. J Appl Behav Anal, 1993. 26(4): p. 471-2. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1297873/)
Harvey, J., & Dennis, C. L. (2008). Hygiene interventions for prevention of cytomegalovirus infection among childbearing women: systematic review. J Adv Nurs, 63(5), 440-450.(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18727745/)
Hughes, B. L., K. M. Gans, C. Raker, E. R. Hipolito, and D. J. Rouse. "A Brief Prenatal Intervention of Behavioral Change to Reduce the Risk of Maternal Cytomegalovirus: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Obstet Gynecol 130, no. 4 (Oct 2017) (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28885428/)
Jeon, J., et al. Knowledge and awareness of congenital cytomegalovirus among women. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol, 2006. 2006: p. 80383. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17485810/)
Levis, D. M., Hillard, C. L., Price, S. M., Reed-Gross, E., Bonilla, E., Amin, M., . . . Cannon, M. J. (2017). Using theory-based messages to motivate U.S. pregnant women to prevent cytomegalovirus infection: results from formative research. BMC Womens Health, 17(1), 131. (https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-017-0482-z)
MMWR (2008) Knowledge and practices of obstetricians and gynecologists regarding cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy--United States, 2007.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2008. 57(3): p. 65-8.(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18219267/)
Price, S. M., Bonilla, E., Zador, P., Levis, D. M., Kilgo, C. L., & Cannon, M. J. (2014). Educating women about congenital cytomegalovirus: assessment of health education materials through a web-based survey. BMC Womens Health, 14, 144. (https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-014-0144-3) From abstract: "To increase awareness of CMV, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed draft health education materials. The purpose of this study was to pilot test two health education materials to gauge their appeal and to determine if they increase knowledge about CMV and motivate audiences to seek additional information on CMV and adopt CMV prevention behaviors." From results: "CMV knowledge score increased significantly after presentation of either the video or factsheet (from 3.7 out of 10 to 9.1 out of 10, p <0.001)...From conclusion: "Overall, we found that the health education materials improved women’s knowledge of CMV and encouraged them to adopt prevention behaviors. Given the low awareness levels among women currently, these findings suggest that appropriate education materials have the potential to greatly increase knowledge of CMV."
Revello, M. G., Tibaldi, C., Masuelli, G., Frisina, V., Sacchi, A., Furione, M., . . . for the, C. S. G. (2015). Prevention of Primary Cytomegalovirus Infection in Pregnancy(). EBioMedicine, 2(9), 1205-1210.doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.08.003 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4588434/)
Ross, D.S., et al., Women's knowledge of congenital cytomegalovirus: results from the 2005 HealthStyles survey. J Womens Health (Larchmt), 2008. 17(5): p. 849-58. (https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/jwh.2007.0523)
Thackeray, R., B.M. Magnusson, and E.M. Christensen, Effectiveness of message framing on women's intention to perform cytomegalovirus prevention behaviors: a cross-sectional study. BMC Womens Health, 2017. 17(1): p. 134. (https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-017-0492-x)
Thackeray, R. and B.M. Magnusson, Women's attitudes toward practicing cytomegalovirus prevention behaviors. Prev Med Rep, 2016. 4: p. 517-524. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27747148/)
Vauloup-Fellous, C., Picone, O., Cordier, A. G., Parent-du-Chatelet, I., Senat, M. V., Frydman, R., & Grangeot-Keros, L. (2009). Does hygiene counseling have an impact on the rate of CMV primary infection during pregnancy? Results of a 3-year prospective study in a French hospital. J Clin Virol, 46 Suppl 4, S49-53. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2009.09.003 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19811947/#:~:text=Conclusions%3A%20These%20results%20suggest%20that,following%20counseling%20than%20before%20counseling.)
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